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星期五, 10月 24, 2014

關於兒童近視控制所使用之散瞳劑濃度你應該要知道的事

簡單的說

1.長效型散瞳劑(睫狀肌麻痺劑)-阿托品,濃度越高,控制近視的效果越好,但副作用也隨之越強,停藥之後的近視反彈現象也越嚴重,各項視覺功能的恢復期也越長。


2.不同學童對於相同濃度藥物的副作用反應並不完全相同,真正適合的藥物濃度需要經過詳細檢查評估(瞳孔、調節、遠近視力甚至雙眼視覺功能等等...)才能確定。


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近視率高居世界之首的台灣,國內推估曾點用散瞳劑之學童約在四成左右。


但許多學童及家長並不完全清楚所點用之藥物種類、濃度、使用方式、注意事項及副作用等。


這是相當危險的事情!!


在Ophthalmology 2012期刊當中,ATOM計畫(Atropine for the Treatment of Childhood Myopia study)回顧過去所做的研究 


發現點用Atropine 1.0%兩年的期間,控制近視的效果可達80%

當濃度下降後,0.5% 可達75%,0.1%可達70%
即使低至0.01%,仍有60%的近視控制效果。

但在停藥一年之後,1.0%點用組的近視快速的增加,幾乎將兩年點用期間所控制的近視,全數奉還。共三年的實驗結果,與點用安慰劑組的結果幾乎相同(點用組-1.37 vs 安慰劑組-1.56)。


而這樣的近視回彈現象,隨著濃度的下降,也漸趨輕微,到0.01%時,已未有明顯的回彈現象。


比較0.5%、0.1%及0.01%點用期間與停藥之後的視覺功能

遠距最佳矯正視力在三組之間無明顯差異
近距視力與瞳孔大小在停用兩個月之後逐漸恢復
調節幅度則需要較長時間恢復,且三組在停藥一年之後仍有顯著差異
以上視覺功能在低濃度組皆有較快的恢復時間

三組當中,0.01%的atropine有較低的近視反彈,因此能有持續的控制效果,且有最低的瞳孔放大與調節損失,停藥後的恢復也較快。似乎對於學童控制近視在藥效與安全性之間有最佳的平衡。


另也有研究者將Atropine的副作用訂出3項目標毒性標準

分別1.為調節小於5D、2.瞳孔放大超過3mm及3.近距離視力無法看清楚J1。

以此標準實驗不同濃度的作用,結果發現當濃度高於0.05%時,皆完全無法通過此標準。

一直要低至0.012%的濃度才勉強通過

但即使是0.012%的濃度,三位受測者當中仍有一位瞳孔放大了3mm,調節幅度僅剩3.60D,且抱怨在戶外時有畏光的現象。


網路上也曾有網友自行稀釋Atropine至0.003125%的經驗分享



參考資料


Chia, A., Chua, W. H., Cheung, Y. B., Wong, W. L., Lingham, A., Fong, A., & Tan, D. (2012). Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: safety and efficacy of 0.5%, 0.1%, and 0.01% doses (Atropine for the Treatment of Myopia 2). Ophthalmology, 119(2), 347-354. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.031

Chia, A., Chua, W. H., Wen, L., Fong, A., Goon, Y. Y., & Tan, D. (2013). Atropine for the Treatment of Childhood Myopia: Changes after Stopping Atropine 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5%. Am J Ophthalmol. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2013.09.020

Chua, W. H., Balakrishnan, V., Chan, Y. H., Tong, L., Ling, Y., Quah, B. L., & Tan, D. (2006). Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia. Ophthalmology, 113(12), 2285-2291. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.05.062

Tong, L., Huang, X. L., Koh, A. L., Zhang, X., Tan, D. T., & Chua, W. H. (2009). Atropine for the treatment of childhood myopia: effect on myopia progression after cessation of atropine. Ophthalmology, 116(3), 572-579. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.020

COOPER, J. et al. Maximum Atropine Dose Without Clinical Signs or Symptoms. Optom Vis Sci, Sep 26 2013. ISSN 1040-5488.








星期五, 10月 03, 2014

新型漸進多焦(兒控)鏡片用於近視控制的兩年實驗

視光界最權威的期刊IOVS 2014最新的文章

結果再次證實了兒控鏡片控制近視的效果只有約20%

近用時減少調節的使用對於控制近視效果真的有限,就算加上周邊屈光差也沒有改善。

還不如單獨使用周邊屈光差設計的控制近視鏡片

顯示控制近視還是要從視覺影像著手,眼球的機械性力量(調節、內聚等等)的調整,改善程度有限。


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一種新型的漸進多焦鏡片,兩年、多中心、隨機、對照控制的近視控制實驗。

此種新型漸進多焦鏡片採用新設計的周邊正非球面設計

可以同時減少調節與視網膜周邊的遠視性離焦

197位6~12歲兒童參與實驗,等值球面近視在-1.00D ~ -4.50D
隨機分為三組,單焦組,多焦加入度+1.00D,多焦加入度+1.50D

兩年後的結果
單焦組 增加 -1.39 ± 0.09 D

多焦加入度+1.50D比單焦組減少0.27 ± 0.11 D

也就是控制近視效果約20%,統計上達顯著程度。

多焦加入度+1.00D則不具顯著控制近視效果。


Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2014

Myopia Control with Positively Aspherised Progressive Addition Lenses: A two-year, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial.

Hasebe, S; Jun, J; Varnas, SR

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of newly-designed positively aspherised progressive addition lenses (PA-PALs), which reduce both lag of accommodation and hyperopic defocus on the peripheral retina, on progression of early-onset myopia.
METHODS: PA-PALs have a near addition and a high positive distance zone aspherisation comparable to the addition power. One hundred and ninety-seven children were enrolled, 6 to 12 years of age, with spherical equivalent refraction from -1.00 to -4.50 D. The children were randomized to receive one of three lenses: single vision lenses (SVLs), PA-PALs with +1.0 D addition, or PA-PALs with +1.5 D addition. Follow-up visits occurred every 6 months for two years. The primary outcome is myopia progression evaluated by cycloplegic autorefraction.
RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-nine (86%) children completed the follow-up. Statistical analysis of adjusted progression rates showed a mean (±SE) progression of -1.39 ± 0.09 D in the control group wearing SVLs at the 24-month visit. Statistically significant (p = 0.017) retardation of SER (0.27 ± 0.11 D over 24 months or reduction ratio of 20%) by +1.5 D add PA-PALs relative to the SVLs was found, which was within the range of the percentage efficacy of myopia retardation by the conventional PALs in earlier trials over the same follow-up period. Nearly all retardation occurred in the first 12 months with no significant efficacy in the second year. PA-PALs with +1.0 D addition showed negligible efficacy.
CONCLUSION: The high positive aspherisation of the distance zone added to PALs apparently does not enhance their therapeutic efficacy in slowing myopia progression.
Copyright © 2014 by Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology.

PMID: 25270192
URL  - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25270192?dopt=Citation