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此處內容大致為本人所整理的論文及心得。 為推廣視光相關知識,文章歡迎轉載,但請註明出處。
歡迎對視光有興趣者一起研究討論或給予指教,謝謝大家。因為不常看留言,所以有問題請直接寄信。

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顯示具有 聚合(輻輳convergence) 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章

星期二, 10月 31, 2023

散瞳劑與角膜塑型術(OK鏡片)的使用與兒童雙眼視覺相關研究

 Accommodation and vergence function in children using atropine combined with orthokeratology - PubMed (nih.gov)

62位8-12歲兒童分為四組,第一組結合使用0.01% atropine與OK鏡片,第二組使用安慰劑與OK鏡片,第三組使用0.01% atropine與鏡框眼鏡,第四組控制組使用安慰劑與鏡框眼鏡。

研究開始與三個月後,評估雙眼視覺功能,包括horizontal phoria, fusional vergence, the accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio, accommodative lag, and accommodative amplitude (AA)。

結果

1.調節遲緩僅OK鏡片組有顯著改進,其他三組未改變

Accommodative lag significantly decreased in the OK group (P = 0.002), but remained unchanged in the other three groups (all P > 0.05).

2.雙眼調節靈巧度與正相對調節在結合組與OK鏡片組有進步,其他兩組未改變

Binocular accommodative facilities and positive relative accommodations increased in the combination and OK groups (both P < 0.05) , but remained unchanged in the atropine and control groups (both P > 0.05). 

3.僅OK鏡片組的內斜位有顯著降低。

Only the participants with esophoria in the OK group had a significant decrease in esophoria (P = 0.008).

4.融像性聚散與AC/A在四組間無顯著差異

Changes in fusional vergence and AC/A did not significantly differ between the four groups (all P > 0.05).




星期六, 3月 20, 2021

AC/A ratio調節性內聚與調節比值的一些教學心得

 


  • 雙眼內聚的目的是為了雙眼融像,但在沒有融像的情況下也會有內聚發生,例如調節時會連帶引起內聚產生,此時稱為調節性內聚AC
  • 調節性內聚AC的程度因人而異,有人高有人低,會影響眼位偏斜的大小與方向,是一個重要的參數,過高或過低都可能會造成雙眼視覺的異常症狀,也會影響後續處置方式。
  • 既然知道AC會影響眼位,那要知道AC的程度只要觀察眼位的變化就可以了,但...只有這樣是不夠的。
  • AC就像不同車子加滿油跑的距離有多有少,但並不代表那台車油耗程度,因為油箱可能不一樣大,應比較的是在相同油耗之下所跑的里程數。
  • 所以AC要再除A,才能得到在相同調節之下的AC比較,所以要比較的是調節性內聚與調節比值AC/A,每一個屈光度的調節改變所引起的調節性內聚變化,就像每一公升所跑的里程數。
  • 因為AC/A是調節所引起的內聚變化,而調節的改變方式可以用距離的改變或球面鏡片度數的變化來達成,前者就稱為計算性AC/A比值,後者就稱為梯度性AC/A比值
  • 計算性AC/A比值觀察遠與近的眼位與調節變化,梯度性AC/A比值觀察固定距離下球面度數改變前後的眼位變化
  • 雙眼視覺正常原則是調節會引起調節性內聚,所以當距離移近或加入負度數時,會使調節增加,造成AC增加,所以眼位內轉增加,使外斜位減少或內斜位增加;反之當距離移遠或加入正度數,會使調節減少,調節性內聚減少,所以眼位內轉減少,使外斜位增加或內斜位減少。

星期三, 3月 27, 2019

雙眼視覺機能異常的人群分布情況



Images of our population(圖片來源https://isso.columbia.edu/content/statistics)


若眼睛的健康情況良好,沒有斜視與弱視,且經過適當的屈光矯正之後,仍然出現模糊、眼睛疲勞甚至雙重影像,就有可能是眼睛的視覺功能出現異常。

可分類為三種
調節異常-眼睛調焦功能出現異常
聚散異常-雙眼視軸對齊功能出現異常
眼動異常-物體動態移動時追視功能出現異常

在網路上搜尋最近的幾篇論文,可以了解這些異常在人群當中大致的分布情形。
因為調查採計的標準與對象有許多不同,結果差異也很大,
但大致上約佔人口當中的二到三成。

1.
2002的研究,265位有症狀的患者,其中59位 (22.3%)具有視覺功能異常

細分的話

調節功能異常 9.4%

-accommodative excess (6.4%)

-accommodative insufficiency (3%)

聚散功能異常 12.9%

-Convergence excess (4.5%)

-convergence insufficiency (0.8%)


2.
2001的研究,1679位18~38位民眾,高達 56.2% 呈現雙眼視覺功能異常症狀

調節失常61.4%

聚散失常38.6%

症狀者當中最常見的是Accommodation insufficiency 11.4%


3.
1997的研究,65位有大量視覺工作需求的大學生,32.3% 顯示一般的雙眼視機能失常

10.8% accommodative excess

7.7% convergence insufficiency with accommodative excess.

6.2% accommodative insufficiency.

3.1% had basic exophoria

1.5% Convergence excess with accommodative insufficiency,

1.5%basic esophoria

1.5%fusional vergence dysfunction


4.
作者系統性回顧1986至2009的文獻,分布情況有很大的差距,特別是調節不足(2-61.7%)及內聚不足(2.25-33%),因為對象及採用的標準不同而異。



四篇文獻如下

1.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2001.00540.x
General binocular disorders: prevalence in a clinic population


Francisco Lara Pilar Cacho Ángel García Ramón Megías
First published: 23 August 2002 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1475-1313.2001.00540.x Cited by: 54
ePDFPDFTOOLS SHARE


Summary
The purpose of this paper was to study the prevalence of nonstrabismic accommodative and binocular dysfunctions in a clinical population. We examined 265 symptomatic patients who were chosen from an optometric clinic. We performed several tests to diagnose any form of refractive, accommodative or binocular dysfunction. Of the 265 subjects examined, 59 patients (22.3%) had some form of accommodative or binocular dysfunction and required not just the correction of the refractive error but a specific treatment for each of the problems diagnosed. The remaining subjects were classed as having refractive anomalies. The frequency of binocular dysfunctions was 12.9%, and 9.4% for accommodative anomalies. Convergence excess (4.5%) was more prevalent than convergence insufficiency (0.8%) and accommodative excess (6.4%) more prevalent than accommodative insufficiency (3%).



2.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12009-001-0027-8

Annals of Ophthalmology

September 2001, Volume 33, Issue 3, pp 205–208 | Cite as

Prevalence of general dysfunctions in binocular vision

Authors

Authors and affiliations

Robert Montés-Micó

Abstract

A 1-year clinical trial to determine the prevalence of general dysfunctions in binocular vision in a nonpresbyopic population was conducted in 1679 subjects aged 18 to 38 years. A thorough eye examination included binocular vision testing. A high prevalence of binocular vision dysfunctions was found. Of the subjects, 56.2% presented symptoms of binocular dysfunctions, 61.4% with accommodation disorders and 38.6% vergence disorders. Accommodation insufficiency was most prevalent among those with symptoms (11.4%).

3.

https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/9097328

Prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions in a population of university students.

(PMID:9097328)

Porcar E , Martinez-Palomera A

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry [01 Feb 1997, 74(2):111-113]

Type: Journal Article

Abstract

PURPOSE: Although some authors report that the prevalence of general binocular dysfunctions (nonstrabismic) for nonpresbyopes in the clinical population is greater than any condition except refractive error, limited research is available to support this statement. This clinical study determined the presence and clinical implications of these conditions in a population of university students with heavy near visual demands. METHODS: From a group of second year students who were given a thorough eye examination, 65 students were selected. The criteria for selection were the absence of significant uncorrected refractive error, healthy eyes, and no strabismus or amblyopia. RESULTS: 32.3% of the subjects showed general binocular dysfunctions. In 10.8% of the cases, accommodative excess was present. 7.7% had convergence insufficiency with accommodative excess. 6.2% showed accommodative insufficiency. 3.1% had basic exophoria. Convergence excess with accommodative insufficiency, basic esophoria, and fusional vergence dysfunction all showed the same prevalence of 1.5%. CONCLUSIONS: Accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular vision problems are prevalent in this population. Accommodative excess is the most common condition. Because these dysfunctions may have a negative effect on performance, appropriate vision evaluation for this population is important.


4.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1888429610700285

Review Do we really know the prevalence of accomodative and nonstrabismic binocular dysfunctions?

Author links open overlay panelPilarCacho-MartínezaÁngelGarcía-MuñozaMaría TeresaRuiz-Canterob

Show more

https://doi.org/10.1016/S1888-4296(10)70028-5

Abstract

Purpose
To determine the scientific evidence about the prevalence of accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular anomalies.

Methods
We carried out a systematic review of studies published between 1986 and 2009, analysing the MEDLINE, CINAHL, FRANCIS and PsycINFO databases. We considered admitting those papers related to prevalence in paediatric and adult populations. We identified 660 articles and 10 papers met the inclusion criteria.

Results
There is a wide range of prevalence, particularly for accommodative insufficiency (2–61,7 %) and convergence insufficiency (2.25–33 %). More studies are available for children (7) compared with adults (3). Most of studies examine clinical population (5 studies) with 3 assessed at schools and 1 at University with samples that vary from 65 to 2048 patients. There is great variability regarding the number of diagnostic signs ranging from 1 to 5 clinical signs. We found a relation between the number of clinical signs used and prevalence values for convergence insufficiency although this relationship cannot be confirmed for other conditions.

Conclusion

There is a lack of proper epidemiological studies about the prevalence of accommodative and nonstrabismic binocular anomalies. Studies reviewed examine consecutive or selected patients in clinical settings and schools but in any case they are randomized and representative of their populations with no data for general population. The wide discrepancies in prevalence figures are due to both sample population and the lack of uniformity in diagnostic criteria so that it makes difficult to compile results. Biases and limitations of reports determine that prevalence rates offered are only estimations from selected populations.


星期一, 7月 09, 2018

聚合近點(Near point of Convergence, NPC)的預期值比較


聚合近點(Near point of Convergence, NPC)或是內聚近點,是眼視光初步檢查中的一個重要步驟,為評估雙眼內聚能力(類似鬥雞眼動作)的重要指標之一,如果測試結果異常,則很可能在看書或近距離活動時容易眼疲勞或出現雙重影像。

操作方式一般是將視標由遠而近逐漸靠近眼睛,1.當觀看者表示出現雙重影像或2.觀察者發現雙眼之一往旁邊移開失去對焦,以上1或2兩者之一出現時,測量此時視標到觀看者鼻子(鏡框平面)之距離,稱為破裂點,如在一定範圍(預期值)之內,則此項測試為正常。

但預期值因研究者測試對象而有所不同,在不同視光教科書上有不同數值,這邊列出幾本視光常用書籍及較近的研究做個比較。

結論是許多舊版的書,破裂點數值在7cm左右,而新版的書,數值則都減少到2.5cm左右,而較近的研究則在5cm。

1.Clinical Procedures for Ocular Examination, Fourth Edition

視標為筆燈
破裂點Break 2.4-2.9 cm/回復點Recovery 4.2-5.0 cm

(同一本書,前一版的數值,破裂點Break:  5 cm 
/回復點Recovery:  7 cm )

2.PRIMARY  CARE OPTOMETRY, 5™ EDITION

視標為筆燈,破裂點預期值為8cm

原文如下
The expected value of the near point  of  convergence is approximately 8 cm or less, as measured from the spectacle plane. If the near point of convergence is found to be in the neighborhood of 12 to 15 cm on repeated testing, the examiner  should  suspect  the  convergence  insufficiency  syndrome.

3.CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF Binocular Vision
Heterophoric, Accommodative, and Eye Movement Disorders

第四版
調節性視標Accommodative target Break: 2.5 cm ±2.5
Recovery:4.5 cm ±3.0
筆燈Penlight and red/green glasses Break: 2.5 cm ±4.0
Recovery:4.5 cm ±5.0

第三版
筆燈Penlight/red-green glasses  break:  7 cm  ±4.0 
recovery:  10 cm  ±5.0 

4.BORISH'S CLINICAL REFRACfION, SECOND EDITION

平均值3cm

原文如下
The mean NPC is 3 cm (±4 cm) from the spectacle plane (midforehead), and the recovery finding is 2 or 3 cm larger. NPC findings greater than 7 cm and recovery findings greater than 10 cm are generally regarded as inadequate and could be signs of a convergence insufficiency.


然後到Pubmed上用關鍵字搜尋,查到2017的統計
對象是20多歲的年輕人,平均值是 NPC: 5.27±3.60 cm



Strabismus. 2017 Mar;25(1):5-11. doi: 10.1080/09273972.2016.1276937. Epub 2017 Jan 17.
Binocular and Accommodative Characteristics in a Normal Population.


Yekta A1, Khabazkhoob M2,3, Hashemi H4, Ostadimoghaddam H5, Ghasemi-Moghaddam S1, Heravian J5, Doostdar A6, Nabovati P3.

Author information


Abstract

PURPOSE:


To study binocular and accommodative characteristics and their associations with age and gender in an Iranian young adult population.
METHODS:


In this cross-sectional study, multistage cluster sampling was done from the students of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. All participants had visual acuity, refraction, and cover tests followed by measurements of the near point of convergence (NPC), amplitude of accommodation (AA), monocular and binocular accommodative facility (MAF and BAF) using ±2.00 diopter (D) flipper lenses, and negative and positive relative accommodation (NRA and PRA). Near and distance fusional vergence reserves were measured using prism bar, and near associated phoria was assessed using the Mallett unit.
RESULTS:


The mean age of the participants was 22.5±4.4 years (range: 18-35 years). The binocular and accommodative characteristics and their means in the studied sample included: mean distance dissociated phoria: 1.15 exophoria±2.04 prism diopters (PD), near dissociated phoria: 5.02 exophoria±4.74 PD, near associated phoria: 0.55 base-in±1.02, gradient accommodative convergence/accommodation (AC/A) ratio: 4.66±1.59, NPC: 5.27±3.60 cm, MAF: 11.33±5.58 cpm, BAF: 8.84±4.47 cpm, NRA: 2.08±0.33 D, PRA:-2.92±0.76 D, and AA: 11.14±2.6 D. In the multiple regression model including age and gender, near exophoria was significantly higher in men and levels of near base-out-break and near base-out-recovery were higher in females. Distance exophoria, distance base-in-break, distance base-in-recovery, and NPC increased with age and near base-out-break, PRA, BAF, MAF, and AA significantly decreased with age.
CONCLUSION:


Studied indices in this study significantly differ from available guidelines and these differences must be considered when making diagnostic or therapeutic decisions. Certain indices can be affected by age and gender.


2018對學童的統計,平均值在

near point of convergence break, 5-10cm

J Optom. 2018 Jun 7. pii: S1888-4296(18)30032-3. doi: 10.1016/j.optom.2018.03.005. [Epub ahead of print]
Normative values for clinical measures used to classify accommodative and vergence anomalies in a sample of high school children in South Africa.


Wajuihian SO1.

Author information
1

Discipline of Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa. Electronic address: swajuihian@mweb.co.za.

Abstract

AIM:


To determine normative values for stereoacuity, accommodative and vergence measures for high school populations.
METHODS:


Using a multi-stage random cluster sampling, 1211 children (481 males and 730 females) between 13 and 18 years of age, with a median age of 16 years, were selected. Visual acuity, stereoacuity and suppression, refractive errors, near point of convergence, heterophoria and fusional vergences, as well as, amplitude of accommodation, accommodative response, facility and relative accommodation were evaluated.
RESULTS:


Most data did not have a normal distribution. The range of normality for the vergence measures were: near point of convergence break, 5-10cm, recovery, 6-13cm, near lateral phoria, 2.5-6 prism dioptre (pd) (nasal), near vertical, orthophoria to 0.50pd, negative fusional vergence break, 12-23pd, recovery, 8-17pd, positive fusional vergence break, 16-35 and recovery 11-24pd. For accommodative measures, the range of normality for accommodative measures was: amplitude of accommodation, 12-18pd, accommodative response, plano to +0.75D, binocular accommodative facility, 5-12 cycles per minute (cpm), negative relative accommodation, 1.75-2.50DS, positive relative accommodation, -2.0 to -3.0DS and 17-69s arc for stereoacuity.
CONCLUSION:


This study provides norms for clinical measures which could be used to classify accommodative and vergence parameters for children aged 13-18 years in this population or beyond. Findings should be applied in the context of the measurement techniques and the associated limitations outlined in this report.





星期五, 8月 21, 2015

光線強度、藍光與近視



http://wechat.fingerdaily.com/thread-107470-1-1.html
以上是google查到的圖-犯了那些錯誤呢?



沒時間的就直接看結論與建議! 有部分可能跟您所想的不同!

結論

  1. 實驗顯示,在低光照時,眼睛會對於影像劣化較為敏感,長時間低亮度近距離工作,會導致近視容易增加。
  2. 從統計數據來看,學童每天於戶外明亮環境活動能有效對抗近視發展。
  3. 在成長階段,短波長的光(接近藍光的波長)似乎對眼球的生長有一定的調節作用,且較能抑制近視的發生。

建議

  1. 每天要有一段時間於戶外明亮光線下活動。
  2. 近距閱讀工作,要有明亮且舒適的白光照明。
  3. 不要為了趕潮流長時間(包括室內)配戴太陽眼鏡。
  4. 不建議成長中的學童配戴抗藍光鏡片,無益於近視控制。
  5. 關於藍光的傷害-不管何種波長,只要能量過強,都會傷害視網膜。




有興趣的就看看以下相關的研究結論及參考文獻~

一、關於光亮度與近視的研究文獻


  1. 學校兒童夏季的近視增加較慢。
  2. 雞近視實驗--高亮度環境飼養雞未近視,低亮度環境卻製造近視;高亮度環境飼養雞其中一眼戴太陽眼鏡,帶鏡眼近視。高亮度的環境,不管陽光或人工燈光,皆能阻止雞近視形成
  3. 光亮度阻止近視可能與dopamine(一種神經傳導物質,經研究與近視的形成有關)有相關性,實驗雞注射dopamine拮抗劑能消除光的保護作用。
  4. 猴實驗類似,且發現連續5小時以上高光照才有效。
  5. 也能解釋戶外活動對近視防治的效果。
  6. 對眼的影像品質--亮光-瞳孔縮小能增加焦深,使網膜上影像清晰。暗-瞳孔放大-球面像差增加(近視者像差較正視者大)。
  7. 低亮度對雙眼視覺也有負向作用,若有內斜問題者情況會惡化。


二、關於光波長與近視,目前的實驗及研究

色光--  紅橙黃綠藍紫
波長--   較長--- 較短
  1. 光具有色散現象-過濾藍光鏡片會表現出輕微近視。
  2. 此色散現象是否會影響人眼偵測網膜影像焦點的正確性及正視化的進行仍有爭議。
  3. 近讀時選擇性地消除長波長,明顯降低調節刺激約0.50D,顯示視覺系統近讀時主要使用長波長光,在分子生物研究中也得到類似的結論。
  4. 豬近視實驗--長波長燈光環境下飼養的豬較易近視及有較深玻璃體腔深度(眼軸長)。
  5. 戶外活動較能減少近視增加,可能由於戶外光線波長較室內燈光短。
  6. 帶著藍色鏡片於戶外活動,眼球生長較慢。
  7. 藍光可能有益於人體中央神經系統的dopamine調整。
  8. 鼠近視實驗--相對於正常白光,養於中波長環境的豬,發展出近視;而飼養於短波長環境的豬,發展出遠視。
  9. 鼠近視實驗--即使用負鏡片誘發近視的豬,藍光都能抑制眼軸生長。
  10. 雞近視實驗--紅光誘發近視,藍光誘發遠視。
  11. 猴近視實驗--長波長光是近視的危險因子。

本文主要翻譯於Dr. rer. nat. Klaus Schmid, Physicist所著之
Myopia Manual Edition January 2015,P133-142。個人有所增刪。作者此部分章節所引用的參考文獻如下。

Cui D, Trier K, Munk Ribel-Madsen S. Effect of day length on eye growth, myopia progression, and change of corneal power in myopic children. Ophthalmology. 2013 May;120(5):1074-9    

Woung LC, Lue YF, Shih YF, Accommodation and pupillary response in early-onset myopia among 
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星期二, 1月 29, 2013

稍微降低的聚散反應(外斜)會增加在電腦工作時的舒適度




    隨著電腦的使用越來越普遍,電腦視覺症候群(CVS)發生的情況也越來越嚴重。

    影響電腦視覺症候群的因素之一是雙眼視覺機能,其中調節與聚散的反應至今還沒有太多的研究。
   
    本篇以20位受測者,測量30分鐘的電腦使用過程中,兩分鐘的間隔分別以Openfield電腦驗光儀及自製電腦軟體測量調節及聚散的反應,並於測試結束後以110評分不舒適的程度。
    
    結果顯示調節及聚散反應在30分鐘內並沒有明顯的變化。

    接著分析受測者的不舒適程度,發現與調節反應沒有相關,但與聚散反應則有高度相關性。

    進一步將受測者分為高症狀與低症狀兩組分析,發現完全精確的聚散反應反而比外斜的聚散反應呈現更不舒服的現象,也就是稍微降低的聚散反應會增加在電腦工作時的舒適度。

參考文獻

1. Juanita D. Collier, O.D., and Mark Rosenfield, M.C.Optom., Ph.D. Accommodation and convergence during sustained computer work. Optometry 2011;82:434-440
2.Jaschinski W. The proximity-xation-disparity curve and the preferred viewing distance at a visual display as an indicator of near vision fatigue. Optom Vis Sci 2002;79:158-69.


星期日, 11月 04, 2012

近視學童十年間的雙眼視覺變化



Ten-Year Changes in Fusional Vergence, Phoria, and Nearpoint of Convergence in Myopic Children

    雙眼視覺各項臨床測量中,融像性聚散(Fusional Vergence)是重要的項目,其大小配合斜位,能得知目前個體是否存在輕鬆舒適的雙眼視覺。融像性聚散有一個範圍,而且可藉由適當的訓練加以改變。但在自然狀態下,是否會隨著年齡而有變化?相關的研究並不多見。
    
        The Houston Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET)是一個在美國進行的多中心臨床試驗,目的在探討漸進多焦鏡片對於減緩近視增加的成效。相關的研究進行了5年,有部分的受試者同意繼續此計畫5年,因此共有長達10年共114位學童的雙眼視覺相關參數,如phoriaNPCIPD與融像性聚散等的數據收集,可做為縱向的研究探討。
    
        結果發現在學校期間,近視學童隨著年齡的增加,遠與近之BO方向的融像性聚散範圍皆會逐漸下降,近方phoria則會逐漸往外斜方向移動,IPD逐漸增大。作者進一步以階層分析融像性聚散與其他臨床測量參數之間的相關性,發現phoriaNPCIPD皆與之有顯著相關,接著以回歸方式得到彼此之間的關係。
    
        此研究有助於釐清各項雙眼視覺參數隨著年齡增加而改變的情形,並提供各項數據做為將來學童雙眼視覺功能測量檢查時的參考。

星期六, 6月 02, 2012

固視偏差(Fixation Disparity)介紹



Fixation Dispaity(FD,固視偏差,或注視偏差,偏移,侈開)

當我們注視一物體並看清楚時,我們以為眼睛做出正確對焦了,但其實並沒有….

因為瞳孔焦深的存在,我們的調節並不總是這麼準確
這稱為調節反應,有可能過度,但大部分是較少的

同樣地,當我們雙眼注視物體並呈現單一影像時,我們以為雙眼都對正了我們看的物體,但其實也沒有….

因為網膜上一微小容許區域的存在,我們的雙眼聚合也不是如此準確,會有一點誤差

這稱為固視偏差,有可能過度內聚,但多數是稍微不足的

這些情形在生理上是有好處的,可以減少視覺系統的負擔,並容許微小誤差的存在。

FD分析在處方稜鏡時是相當具有參考價值的一種方式,因為它代表的是在雙眼同時視狀態下的視覺參數。

缺點是無法提供其他有用的資訊,如動眼或調節方面,因此不建議做為獨立的診斷依據。

基本概念

1.   指一種狀況,當雙眼固視一物體時,影像並沒有確實刺激雙眼網膜對應點,但仍落在Panum’s fusion area內,因此被單一視。
2.   FD的存在表示,在雙眼視的情況下,(兩眼的)視線有輕微的過度聚合(內斜的固視偏差)或聚合不足(外斜的固視偏差)。
3.   這樣的偏差是很微小的,否則不可能有感覺性的融像並不會出現雙重影像
4.   FD的單位通常用分弧來測量。如果表示成稜鏡度,通常小於0.25△,並且幾乎不可能超過0.75△。
5.   FD通常用主觀性的測量,比較兩個小線段(雙眼各看一個)的對齊情況。整個測試圖形中,除了中央固視區用來對齊的小線段之外,其他周圍的圖形都是雙眼同視的。
6.   FD的量等於,相對於所測試之融像目標的聚合刺激,雙眼主觀性角度偏差的總合。
7.   FD也與立體感有關,通常成反向關係。

臨床上測試及與分離性斜位的關係

1.  臨床上很多測量FD的儀器或設備並不能測出實際的FD值,而是偵測出FD的存在,並且使用稜鏡來使FD降到0
      (最上面的圖片就是FD測試的其中一種)
2.  這些儀器的特性是藉由單眼各看一個圖案(或線條),若這兩個圖案沒有上下對齊的話,就有FD存在。而用來使FD降至0稜鏡量,也被視為associated phoria關聯性斜位),測量時,除了中間一小區域外,其餘視野均在雙眼視的狀態下。
3. 之前所提的dissociated phoria(分離性斜位)指的是在整個視野中都沒有任何雙眼視的區域,並將雙眼影像分離。所用的方式有四種:(1)排除法,如遮蓋測試。(2)複視或位移,如Von Graefe technique。(3)扭曲,如馬篤氏鏡Maddox rod。(4)不融像或獨立物體,如stereoscopy phoria cards
4.  通常同一個人Associated phoria所測出的量都會小於dissociated phoria
5.  Associated phoriadissociated phoria之間呈現高度相關的關係。

固視偏差曲線(FDC)

1. 簡單說就是加入不同稜鏡(X軸)去做多次FD測量(Y軸),並將這些點連成曲線。
2. 所謂的FDC指的是由變換不同的稜鏡(X軸)所得到的FDY軸)。不同的人會有不同的FDC
3.   可區分為四種types
4.   Type I:在BIBO兩端都有陡峭的曲線,約有60%的人屬於此類。
5.   Type IITypeIII:分別在BOBI端有平緩的線段,佔25%10%
6.  Type IV:只有中間區域對稜鏡的改變有變化,兩端都是平緩的線段。佔5%可能有融像方面的問題。
7.  FDCx軸相交的長度,也就是使FD降到0時,所使用的稜鏡量,也就是所謂的Associated phoria
8.  對稱中心點:FDC中間區域最平坦區域的中心點,也就是斜率為0的點。
9.  FDC的兩端一般是產生複影的點,通常近似於postive negative relative convergence

星期五, 1月 20, 2012

小孩不喜歡看書可能是因為眼睛視覺功能不好

The Warning Signs of Reading Comprehension Difficulties in Childrenthumbnail
圖片來源http://www.ehow.com/info_10031807_warning-signs-reading-comprehension-difficulties-children.html


有些小孩不喜歡看書,父母會認為是不夠認真、不夠專心或看不懂。
有時的確如此,但有時候其實是因為他們的視覺功能不佳所導致。


所謂視覺功能指的是我們運用眼睛的能力
重要的項目包括為了看清楚近方物體所需的調節力、為了維持單一影像所需的聚合力
及眼球掃視能力、跳躍能力等。
視覺功能除了先天的眼球構造影響之外,還需後天的練習才能熟練的使用。
良好的視覺功能讓我們擁有清楚、輕鬆且控制自如的視覺


但對於某些視覺功能不佳,特別是其中一種稱為聚合功能不足的兒童而言
閱讀對他們來說是一件苦差事,眼睛疲勞、頭痛、想睡覺、雙重影像都是常見的症狀
這在目前此種學習競爭的環境下,將會使小孩在起跑點上就輸了一大步


那是否有解決的方法呢?
答案是有的,藉由一些視覺訓練或特殊眼鏡可明顯改善此種困擾。


在奧地利維也納的研究團隊對1001位閱讀與書寫困難的孩童進行視覺功能的檢查
篩選出134個年紀在7~14歲的聚合不足患者。
其中51位給與附帶稜鏡的眼鏡,51位給予家中的電腦化視覺訓練,32位未做任何處置。
在4周之後做第二次的檢查


結果接受處置的兩組在閱讀速度、正確率、視覺功能等各方面表現皆明顯優於未處置組。
其中配戴稜鏡眼鏡的兒童表現優於視覺訓練組。
(原文連結http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2415/11/21)


因此建議家中若有閱讀或書寫障礙的兒童,除了心理與智力問題之外


或許是視覺功能的問題,尋求專業的檢查將是有幫助的。

星期五, 12月 23, 2011

計算性AC/A比值的計算公式探討

計算性AC/A比值的計算,經常困擾許多剛開始學習雙眼視覺的人
公式又百百款...


例如以下四本外國書與一本中文書
(為了一致性,有些英文縮寫有修改過)


1.Primary Care Optometry
 AC/A = 調節性內聚量/調節量


2.Clinical management of Binocular vision
 AC/A = PD + 近點工作距離X(近眼位-遠眼位)


3.Ocular accommodation
convergence and Fixation Disparity
AC/A = (近物之內聚需求-遠眼位+近眼位) / 近物之調節需求


4.Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility
AC/A = PD + (近眼位-遠眼位)/近物調節刺激


5.雙眼視機能-診斷與治療
與2.同  AC/A = PD + 近點工作距離X(近眼位-遠眼位)


雖然本人不喜歡背公式,但本著研究精神
還是試著對這些公式做一探討
(有經驗的人AC/A可以用心算的吧...)


基本上我們先從AC/A的原始定義來看
也就是第1本書的公式
AC/A代表當調節作用時,所相對應引起的調節性內聚的變化。
也就是 = 調節性內聚的改變量/調節改變量


一、首先看分子-調節性內聚的改變量
當物體由遠到近時,調節性內聚的改變量可以從遠眼位與近眼位得知


1.先假設遠方與近方的眼位皆為正位,因此改變量為(PD/FD)
   PD : 雙眼遠方瞳距(單位cm)
  定義距離 
  FD : 注視距離(單位m),從物體到眼球旋轉中心的距離,約等於WD+0.027
   WD : 工作距離(單位m),從物體到鏡框平面的距離,通常為0.4m


2.接下來考慮遠眼位
   當遠眼位為內斜時,內聚的改變量將減少,
   遠眼位為外斜時,內聚改變量將增加
   因此內聚改變量變成 (PD/FD-遠眼位)


3.再接下來考慮近眼位
   近眼位為內斜時內聚改變量會增加
   近眼位外斜時內聚改變量會減少
   因此內聚改變量再變為 (PD/FD-遠眼位+近眼位)


二、接著看分母-調節改變量
遠方調節刺激為0
近方調節刺激等於工作距離的倒數1/WD
調節改變量為1/WD - 0 = 1/WD




三、最後整理一下公式


AC/A = (PD/FD-遠眼位+近眼位) / (1/WD)


PD/FD事實上即為近物之內聚需求,調節需求為1/WD
整理一下 = (近物之內聚需求-遠眼位+近眼位)/調節需求
即為第3本書之公式


整理一下 = (PD/FD+近眼位-遠眼位) X WD----------------------公式1


若忽略鏡框到眼球旋轉中心之0.027m
也就是假設FD=WD,則可以簡化公式
->PD/FD X WD=PD


那麼公式就會成為 PD+(近眼位-遠眼位) X WD-----------------------公式2 
也就是第2本書跟第5本書的公式


若將WD換為調節刺激,WD=1/調節刺激
則公式就會成為 PD+(近眼位-遠眼位)/調節刺激
也就是第4本書的公式


四、所以結論是第2、4、5本書的公式皆為簡化公式,忽略鏡框到眼球旋轉中心之0.027m的距離,第3本書為完整公式
所以基本上若要計算完整公式可用公式1
簡化公式可用公式2


五、舉例試算一下
某人PD= 64mm,遠方2稜鏡外斜位,近方10稜鏡外斜位,工作距離40cm。


公式1
AC/A = (PD/FD+近眼位-遠眼位) x WD
=(6.4/0.427-10-(-2))x0.4= 2.8


公式2
AC/A = PD+(近眼位-遠眼位) X WD
= 6.4+(-10-(-2))x0.4=3.2

簡化公式多了0.4
若固定都是PD64mm與工作距離40cm而言
這個差距是不會改變的。

若PD或工作距離改變則這個差距就會不一樣了

*補充

簡化公式與完整公式之差別為
(PD+(近眼位-遠眼位) X WD)-((PD/FD+近眼位-遠眼位) x WD)
=(PD/FD)X0.027 -->即為內聚需求X0.027

當PD為64mm,WD為40cm時,差距約為0.4

當PD為70mm,WD為40cm時,差距約為0.44

依此類推。


星期日, 8月 28, 2011

眼鏡引起的稜鏡效應1

*每付眼鏡都有兩個鏡片,而這兩片鏡片都各有一個光學中心。
*當光學中心(以下簡稱光心)準確地對準瞳孔時,眼睛將不會有稜鏡效應的產生。
*也就是光學中心之間距離=瞳孔之間距離
*但當光心不在瞳孔位置時,就有稜鏡產生。
*水平方向與垂直方向偏差產生水平方向與垂直方向稜鏡。
*下述以近視鏡片為例說明,當鏡片光心與瞳距不相同時,產生水平方向稜鏡結果。

1.如下圖,上為正面看,下為從頭上往下看。
-鏡片光心之間距離等於瞳孔間距。
-光心對準瞳孔,無稜鏡產生。



2.如下圖當光心外移,偏離瞳孔位置時。
-鏡片光心之間距離大於瞳孔間距。
-從俯瞰圖可看到雙眼之前對到的是鏡片厚邊朝內,也就是將產生基底朝內的稜鏡。

-視覺感受上地面或牆面會朝向自己的方向凸進來,物體會感覺變大了。
http://jim0423.blogspot.com/2011/08/blog-post_19.html
-眼位朝開散方向移動,間接放鬆調節。





3.如下圖當光心內移,偏離瞳孔位置時。
-鏡片光心之間距離小於瞳孔間距。
-從俯瞰圖可看到雙眼之前對到的是鏡片厚邊朝外,也就是將產生基底朝外的稜鏡。
-視覺感受上地面或牆面會朝遠離自己的方向凹下去,物體會感覺變小了
http://jim0423.blogspot.com/2011/08/blog-post_19.html
-眼位朝聚合方向移動,間接刺激調節。






星期日, 7月 31, 2011

年輕成人的建議近用加入度5

2.實務上的應用

2-1
這篇paper所使用的,測量調節反應的儀器並不是一般我們常用的儀器。

因此套用他的公式我認為並不符合我們臨床的應用

所以建議調節方面還是採用雙眼交叉圓柱鏡或動態網膜鏡MEM做為測量調節反應的方式

只是FCC要注意不要讓瞳孔縮小增加焦深,造成測量誤差就好。

假設測出的加入度為Add1

2-2
至於近方眼位,因為遮蓋測試,馬篤氏鏡,VonGraefe法的差異並不會太大

因此可自行採用一至兩種檢查方式測量近方眼位。

之後套用作者的公式


初始近方眼位=-2.959+2.770*加入度


我簡化一下--> 加入度=(近方眼位+3)/2.77,外斜位為-,內斜位+


(或更簡單-->他做出的AC/A比接近3,也就是1個D的加入度約會讓眼位往外3Δ)


假設計算出的加入度為Add2


2-3
如Add1與Add2的數值相差不多,則為適當的加入度。


若兩者相差較多,


1.用一隻手對付->取兩者之間的數值,依次給予試戴,以最佳感受為主。


2.加入另一隻手->取調節反應的數值加入後,測量此時的近方斜位(應該會較為外開)
   
再加入適當的稜鏡使其近方眼位回到近方3Δ外斜(或採Shear or Percival建議量)


且若加入超過3Δ,須回頭修正加入度(CA/C的影響)。